PUBLICATIONS

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

Sex‐specific effects of wind on the flight decisions of a sexually dimorphic soaring bird.

Clay, T.A., Joo, R., Weimerskirch, H., Phillips, R.A, den Ouden, O., Basille, M., Clusella‐Trullas, S., Assink, J.D., Patrick, S.C. 2020. Sex‐specific effects of wind on the flight decisions of a sexually dimorphic soaring bird. Journal Animal Ecology 89, pp 1811– 1823. Doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13267

 


 

Biotic Interactions as Mediators of Biological Invasions: Insights from South Africa.

Le Roux, J.J., Clusella-Trullas, Thabiso, S., Mokotjomela, M., Mairal, M., Richardson, D.M., Skein, L., Wilson, J.R., Weyl, O.L.F., Geerts, S. 2020. Biotic Interactions as Mediators of Biological Invasions: Insights from South Africa. In: van Wilgen B., Measey J., Richardson D., Wilson J., Zengeya T. (eds) Biological Invasions in South Africa. Invading Nature – Springer Series in Invasion Ecology, vol 14. Doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_14

 


 

Infrasonic hearing in birds: a review of audiometry and hypothesized structure–function relationships.

Zeyl, J.N., den Ouden, O., Köppl, C., Assink, J., Christensen‐Dalsgaard, J., Patrick, S.C. and Clusella‐Trullas, S. 2020. Infrasonic hearing in birds: a review of audiometry and hypothesized structure–function relationships. Biological Reviews 95, pp 1036-1054. Doi:10.1111/brv.12596

 


 

Across-stage consequences of thermal stress have trait-specific effects and limited fitness costs in the harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis.

Shinner, B., Terblanche, J.S., Clusella-Trullas, S. 2020. Across-stage consequences of thermal stress have trait-specific effects and limited fitness costs in the harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis. Evolutionary Ecology. doi:10.1007/s10682-020-10045-1

 


 

The evolutionary potential of an insect invader under climate change.

Logan, M.L., Minnaar, I.A., Keegan, K.M., Clusella-Trullas, S. 2020. The evolutionary potential of an insect invader under climate change. Evolution 74, pp 132-144. doi:10.1111/evo.13885

 (Read the digest here).

 


 

Using stable isotope analysis to answer fundamental questions in invasion ecology: progress and prospects.

McCue, M.D.Javal, M.Clusella‐Trullas, S., Le Roux, J.J., Jackson, M.C.,  Ellis, A.G., Richardson, D.M., Valentine, A.J., Terblanche, J.S. 2020. Using stable isotope analysis to answer fundamental questions in invasion ecology: Progress and prospectsMethods Ecol Evol202011196– 214. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.13327

 


 

Navigating through the R packages for movement.

Joo, R., Boone, M.E., Clay, T.A., Patrick, S., Clusella-Trullas, S., Basille, M. 2020. Navigating through the R packages for movement. Journal of Animal Ecology 89, pp 248-267.

 


 

2019

The Bogert effect and environmental heterogeneity.

Logan, M.L., Van Berkel, J., Clusella-Trullas S. 2019. The Bogert effect and environmental heterogeneity. Oecologia 91(4), 817-827. doi:10.1007/s00442-019-04541-7

 


 

Opportunities for behavioral rescue under rapid environmental change.

Fey, S.B., Vasseur, D.A.,  Alujević, K., Kroeker, K.J., Logan, M.L., O’Connor, M.I., Rudolf. V.H.W., DeLong, J.P., Peacor, S., Selden, R.L., Sih, A., Clusella‐Trullas, S. 2019. Opportunities for behavioral rescue under rapid environmental change. Global Change Biology 25:3110–3120. Doi:10.1111/gcb.14712

 


 

Thermal landscape change as a driver of ectotherm responses to plant invasions.

Garcia, R.A., Clusella-Trullas S. 2019. Thermal landscape change as a driver of ectotherm responses to plant invasions. Proceedings B. Royal Soc 286: 20191020. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1020 

 


 

Thermal tolerance patterns across latitude and elevation.

Sunday, J., Bennett, J.M., Calosi, P., Clusella-Trullas, S., Gravel, S., et al. 2019. Thermal tolerance patterns across latitude and elevation. Phil. Trans. R. Sc. B. 374: 20190036. doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0036 

 


 

Environmental temperature alters the overall digestive energetics and differentially affects dietary protein and lipid use in a lizard.

Plasman, M., McCue, M.D., Reynoso, V.H., Terblanche, J.S., Clusella-Trullas, S. 2019. Environmental temperature alters the overall digestive energetics and differentially affects dietary protein and lipid use in a lizard. Journal of Experimental Biology 222. doi:10.1242/jeb.194480

 


 

Rethinking the scale and formulation of indices assessing organism vulnerability to warmer habitats.

Garcia, R.A., Allen, J.L., Clusella-Trullas, S. 2019. Rethinking the scale and formulation of indices assessing organism vulnerability to warmer habitats. Ecography 42:1024-1036. doi:10.1111/ecog.04226

 


 

2018

All-in-one: physics, chemistry and ecology are essential fields to thermal ecologists.

Clusella-Trullas S. 2018. All-in-one: physics, chemistry and ecology are essential fields to thermal ecologists. Frontiers of Biogeography 10: doi:10.21425/F5FBG39387.

 


 

Niche shift and resource supplementation facilitate an amphibian range expansion.

Davies, S.J., Hill, M.P., Geoch, M.A., Clusella-Trullas, S. 2018. Niche shift and resource supplementation facilitate an amphibian range expansion. Diversity and Distributions. doi:10.1111/ddi.12841

 


 

Spatial scale, topography and thermoregulatory behaviour interact when modelling species’ thermal niches.

Barton, M.G., Clusella-Trullas, S., Terblanche, J.S. 2018. Spatial scale, topography and thermoregulatory behaviour interact when modelling species’ thermal niches. Ecography 41:1-14. doi:10.1111/ecog.03655

 


 

Behavioral thermoregulation is highly repeatable and unaffected by digestive status in Agama atra.

Van Berkel, J., Clusella-Trullas S. 2018. Behavioral thermoregulation is highly repeatable and unaffected by digestive status in Agama atra. Integrative Zoology 13: 482-493. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12325

 


 

GlobTherm, a global database on thermal tolerance for aquatic and terrestrial organisms.

Bennett, J., Calosi, P., Clusella-Trullas, S., et al. 2018. GlobTherm, a global database on thermal tolerance for aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Scientific Data 5, 180022. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.22

 


 

2017

Beyond colour: consistent variation in near infrared and solar reflectivity in sunbirds (Nectariniidae).

Shawkey, M.D., Igic, B., Rogalla, S., Goldenberg, J., Clusella-Trullas, S., D’Alba L. 2017. Beyond colour: consistent variation in near infrared and solar reflectivity in sunbirds (Nectariniidae). The Science of Nature. 104: 78. doi:10.1007/s00114-017-1499-8

 


 

Effects of nutrient and water restriction on water tolerance: a test of mechanisms and hypotheses.

Mitchell, K.A., Boardman, L. , Clusella-Trullas, S. , Terblanche, J.S. 2017. Effects of nutrient and water restriction on water tolerance: a test of mechanisms and hypotheses. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 212:15-23. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.06.019

 


 

Thermal consequences of colour and near-infrared reflectance.

Stuart-Fox, D., Newton, E., Clusella-Trullas, S. 2017. Thermal consequences of colour and near-infrared reflectance. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (special issue) 372 (1724), 20160345 doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0345

 


 

Impacts of invasive plants on animal diversity in South Africa: a synthesis.

Clusella-Trullas, S., Garcia, R. 2017. Impacts of invasive plants on animal diversity in South Africa: a synthesis. Bothalia 47:1-12. doi:10.4102/abc.v47i2.2166

 


 

Parasites of Harmonia axyridis: current research and perspectives.

Haelewaters, D., Zhao, S.Y., Clusella-Trullas, S., et al. 2017. Parasites of Harmonia axyridis: current research and perspectives. BioControl 62: 355-371. doi:10.1007/s10526-016-9766-8

 


 

Lizards paid a greater opportunity cost to thermoregulate in a less heterogeneous environment.

Basson, C., Levy, O., Angilletta, Jr.M., Clusella-Trullas, S. 2017. Lizards paid a greater opportunity cost to thermoregulate in a less heterogeneous environment. Functional Ecology 31: 856-865. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12795

 


 

2016

Interactions between rates of temperature change and acclimation affect latitudinal patterns of warming tolerance.

Allen, J., Chown, S.L., Janion-Scheepers, C., Clusella-Trullas, S. 2016. Interactions between rates of temperature change and acclimation affect latitudinal patterns of warming tolerance. Conservation Physiology 4.  doi:10.1093/conphys/cow053.

 


 

Exotic trees modify the thermal landscape and food resources for lizards communities.

Schreuder, E., Clusella-Trullas, S. 2016. Exotic trees modify the thermal landscape and food resources for lizards communities. Oecologia 182, pp 1213-1225. doi:10.1007/s00442-016-3726-y

 


 

The speed and metabolic cost of digesting a blood meal depends on temperature in a major disease vector.

McCue, M.D., Boardman, L., Clusella-Trullas, S., Kleynhans, E., Terblanche, J.S. 2016. The speed and metabolic cost of digesting a blood meal depends on temperature in a major disease vector. J Experimental Biology 219:1893-1902.  doi:10.1242/jeb.138669

 


 

Sexual dimorphism and physiological correlates of horn length in a South African isopod curstacean.

Glazier, D.S., Clusella-Trullas, S., Terblanche, J.S. 2016. Sexual dimorphism and physiological correlates of horn length in a South African isopod curstacean. Journal of Zoology 300:99-110. doi:10.1111/jzo.12338

 


 

Drivers, impacts, mechanisms and adaptation in insect invasions.

Hill, M.P., Clusella-Trullas, S., Terblanche, J.S., Richardson, S.M. 2016. Drivers, impacts, mechanisms and adaptation in insect invasions (Special Issue Editorial). Biological Invasions 18:883-891. doi:10.1007/s10530-016-1088-3

 


 

Predicted decrease in global climate suitability masks regional complexity of invasive fruit fly species response to climate change.

Hill, M.P., Bertelsmeier, C., Clusella-Trullas, S., Garnas, J., Robertson, M.P., Terblanche, J.S. 2016. Predicted decrease in global climate suitability masks regional complexity of invasive fruit fly species response to climate change. Biological Invasions 18:1105-1119. doi:10.1007/s10530-016-1078-5

 


 

The harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis: global perspectives on invasion history and ecology.

Roy, H.E., Brown, P.M.J., Adriaens, T., Berkvens, N., Borges, I., Clusella-Trullas, S., et al. 2016. The harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis: global perspectives on invasion history and ecology. Biological Invasions 18:997-1044. doi:10.1007/s10530-016-1077-6 (press release)

Read the press release here

 


 

First finding of the parasitic fungus Hesperomyces virescens (Laboulbeniales) on native and invasive ladybirds (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) in South Africa.

Haelewaters, D., Minnaar, I., Clusella-Trullas, S. 2016. First finding of the parasitic fungus Hesperomyces virescens (Laboulbeniales) on native and invasive ladybirds (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) in South Africa. Parasite 23:5. doi:10.1051/parasite/2016005

 


2015

Plasticity of thermal tolerance and metabolism but not water loss in an invasive reed frog.

Davies, S.J., McGeoch, M.A., Clusella-Trullas, S. 2015. Plasticity of thermal tolerance and metabolism but not water loss in an invasive reed frog. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 189:11-20. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.06.033

 


 

The behavior-physiology nexus: behavioral and physiological compensation are relied on to different extents between seasons.

Basson, C.H., Clusella-Trullas, S. 2015. The behavior-physiology nexus: behavioral and physiological compensation are relied on to different extents between seasons. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 88:384-394. doi:10.1086/682010

 


 

Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) thermal ecology and reproductive success along a rainfall cline.

Sieg, A.E., Gambone, M.M., Wallace, B.P., Clusella-Trullas, S., Spotila, J.R., Avery, H.W. 2015. Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) thermal ecology and reproductive success along a rainfall cline. Integrative Zoology 10:282-294. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12132

 


 

2014

Effects of within-generation thermal history on flight performance of Ceratitis capitata: Colder is better.

Esterhuizen, N., Clusella-Trullas, S., van Daalen, C.E., Schoombie, R.E., Boardman, L., Terblanche, J.S. 2014. Effects of within-generation thermal history on flight performance of Ceratitis capitata: Colder is better. Journal of Experimental Biology 217:3545-3556. doi:10.1242/jeb.106526

 


 

Lack of coherence in the warming responses of marine crustaceans.

Faulkner, K., Clusella-Trullas, S., Peck, L.S., Chown, S.L. 2014. Lack of coherence in the warming responses of marine crustaceans. Functional Ecology 28: 895-903. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12219

 


 

Thermal tolerance of Cyrtobagous salviniae: a biocontrol agent in a changing world.

Allen, J.L., Clusella-Trullas, S., Chown, S.L. 2014. Thermal tolerance of Cyrtobagous salviniae: a biocontrol agent in a changing world. BioControl 59:357-366. doi:10.1007/s10526-014-9570-2

 


 

New records of the parasitic wasp Dinocampus coccinellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its hosts in South Africa.

Minnaar, I.A., Shinner, R., Van Noort, S., Clusella-Trullas, S. 2014. New records of the parasitic wasp Dinocampus coccinellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its hosts in South Africa. African Entomology 22: 226-229. doi:10.4001/003.022.0124

 


 

Effects of temperature on heat-shock responses and survival of two species of marine invertebrates from sub-Antarctic Marion Island.

Clusella-Trullas, S., Boardman, L., Faulkner,  K.T., Peck, L.S,  Chown, S.L. 2014. Effects of temperature on heat-shock responses and survival of two species of marine invertebrates from sub-Antarctic Marion Island. Antarctic Science 26: 145-152. doi:10.1017/S0954102013000473

 


 

Impacts of environmental variability on desiccation rate, plastic responses and population dynamics of Glossina pallidipes.

Kleynhans, E., Clusella-Trullas, S., Terblanche, J.S. 2014. Impacts of environmental variability on desiccation rate, plastic responses and population dynamics of Glossina pallidipes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 27: 337-348. doi:10.1111/jeb.12297

 


 

Range expansions across ecoregions: interactions of climate change, physiology and genetic diversity.

Rius, M., Clusella-Trullas, S., McQuaid, C.D., Navarro, R., Griffiths, C.L., Matthee, C.A., von der Heyden, S., Turon, X. 2014. Range expansions across ecoregions: interactions of climate change, physiology and genetic diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography 23:76-88. doi:10.1111/geb.12105

 


 

Lizard thermal trait variation at multiple scales: a review.

Clusella-Trullas, S., Chown, S.L. 2014. Lizard thermal trait variation at multiple scales: a review. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 184: 5-21. doi:10.1007/s00360-013-0776-x

 


 

2013

High metabolic and water-loss rates in caterpillar aggregations: evidence against the resource-conservation hypothesis.

Schoombie, R.E., Boardman, L., Groenewald, B., Glazier, D.S., van Daalen, C.E., Clusella-Trullas, S., Terblanche, J.S. 2013. High metabolic and water-loss rates in caterpillar aggregations: evidence against the resource-conservation hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Biology 216:4321-4325. doi:10.1242/jeb.095554

 


 

Farm dams facilitate amphibian invasion: extra-limital range expansion of the painted reed frog in South Africa.

Davies, S.J., Clusella-Trullas, S., Hui, C., McGeoch, M.A. 2013. Farm dams facilitate amphibian invasion: extra-limital range expansion of the painted reed frog in South Africa. Austral Ecology 38: 851-863. doi:10.1111/aec.12022

 


 

Upper thermal limits in terrestrial ectotherms: how constrained are they?

Hoffmann, A.A., Chown S.L., Clusella-Trullas, S. 2013. Upper thermal limits in terrestrial ectotherms: how constrained are they? Functional Ecology 27: 934-949. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02036.x

 


 

Metabolic and water loss rates of two cryptic species in the African velvet worm genus Opisthopatus (Onychophora).

Weldon, C.W., Daniels, S.R., Clusella-Trullas, S., Chown, S.L. 2013. Metabolic and water loss rates of two cryptic species in the African velvet worm genus Opisthopatus (Onychophora). Journal of Comparative Physiology B 183: 323-332. doi:10.1007/s00360-012-0715-2

 


 

2012

The effects of acclimation and rates of temperature change on critical thermal limits in Tenebrio molitor (Tenebrionidae) and Cyrtobagous salviniae (Curculionidae).

Allen, J.L., Clusella-Trullas, S., Chown, S.L. 2012. The effects of acclimation and rates of temperature change on critical thermal limits in Tenebrio molitor (Tenebrionidae) and Cyrtobagous salviniae (Curculionidae). Journal of Insect Physiology 58: 669-678. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.01.016

 


 

2011

Climatic predictors of temperature performance curve parameters imply complex responses to climate change.

Clusella-Trullas S., Blackburn, T.M., Chown, S.L. 2011. Climatic predictors of temperature performance curve parameters imply complex responses to climate change. American Naturalist 177: 738-751. doi:10.1086/660021

 


 

Comment on “Erosion of Lizard Diversity by Climate Change and Altered Thermal Niches”.

Clusella-Trullas, S., Chown, S.L. 2011. Comment on “Erosion of Lizard Diversity by Climate Change and Altered Thermal Niches”. Technical Comment. Science 332: 537. doi:10.1126/science.1195193

 


 

Local adaptation for body color in Drosophila americana:

Clusella-Trullas, S., Terblanche, J.S. 2011. Local adaptation for body color in Drosophila americana: Commentary on Wittkopp et al. Heredity 106: 904-905. doi:10.1038/hdy.2010.141

 


 

2010

Phenotypic plasticity of gas exchange pattern and water loss in Scarabaeus spretus(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): deconstructing the basis for metabolic rate variation.

Terblanche, J.S., Clusella-Trullas, S., Chown, S.L. 2010. Phenotypic plasticity of gas exchange pattern and water loss in Scarabaeus spretus(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): deconstructing the basis for metabolic rate variation. Journal of Experimental Biology 213: 2940-2949. doi:10.1242/jeb.041889

 


 

Effects of acclimation temperature on thermal tolerance, locomotion performance and respiratory metabolism in Acheta domesticus L. (Orthoptera: Gryllidae).

Lachenicht, M.W., Clusella-Trullas, S., Boardman, L., Le Roux, C., Terblanche, J.S. 2010. Effects of acclimation temperature on thermal tolerance, locomotion performance and respiratory metabolism in Acheta domesticus L. (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Journal of Insect Physiology 56: 822-830. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.02.010

 


 

Phenotypic plasticity of locomotion performance in the seed harverster, Messor capensis.

Clusella-Trullas, S., Terblanche, J.S., Chown, S.L. 2010. Phenotypic plasticity of locomotion performance in the seed harverster, Messor capensis. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 83: 519-530. doi:10.1086/651387

 


 

Population responses within a landscape matrix: a macrophysiological approach to understanding climate change impacts.

Chown, S.L., Gaston, K.J., van Kleunen, M., Clusella-Trullas, S. 2010. Population responses within a landscape matrix: a macrophysiological approach to understanding climate change impacts. Evolutionary Ecology 24: 601-616. doi:10.1007/s10682-009-9329-x

 


 

2009

Macrophysiology: A Conceptual Re-unification.

Gaston, K.J., Chown, S.L., Calosi, P., Bernardo, J., Bilton, D.T, Clarke, A., Clusella-Trullas, S. et al. 2009. Macrophysiology: A Conceptual Re-unification. American Naturalist 174: 595-612. doi:10.1086/605982

 


 

Directional evolution of the slope of the metabolic rate-temperature relationship is correlated with climate.

Terblanche, J.S., Clusella-Trullas, S., Deere, J.A., Van Vuuren, B.J., Chown, S.L. 2009. Directional evolution of the slope of the metabolic rate-temperature relationship is correlated with climate. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 82: 495-503. doi:10.1086/605361

 


 

Thermal benefits of melanism in cordylid lizards: a theoretical and field test.

Clusella-Trullas, S., van Wyk, J.H.,  Spotila, J.R. 2009. Thermal benefits of melanism in cordylid lizards: a theoretical and field test. Ecology 90: 2297-2312. doi:10.1890/08-1502.1

 


 

2008

Investigating onychophoran gas exchange and water loss as a means to inform current controversies in arthropod physiology.

Clusella-Trullas, S., Chown, S.L. 2008. Investigating onychophoran gas exchange and water loss as a means to inform current controversies in arthropod physiology. Journal of Experimental Biology 211: 3139-3146. doi:10.1242/jeb.021907

 


 

Testing the thermal melanism hypothesis: a macrophysiological approach.

Clusella-Trullas, S., Terblanche, J.S., Blackburn, T.M., Chown, S.L. 2008. Testing the thermal melanism hypothesis: a macrophysiological approach. Functional Ecology 22: 232-238 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01377.x  (with cover photo).

 


 

Faecal analyses suggest generalist diets in three species of Western Cape cordylids.

Clusella-Trullas, S., Botes, A. 2008. Faecal analyses suggest generalist diets in three species of Western Cape cordylids. African Zoology 43: 125-130. doi:10.3377/1562-7020(2008)43[125:FASGDI]2.0.CO;2

 


 

Thermal tolerance in a south-east African population of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes (Diptera, Glossinidae): implications for forecasting climate-change impacts.

Terblanche, J.S., Clusella-Trullas, S., Deere, J.A., Janion, C., Chown, S.L. 2008. Thermal tolerance in a south-east African population of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes (Diptera, Glossinidae): implications for forecasting climate-change impacts. Journal of Insect Physiology 54: 114-127. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.08.007

 


 

2007

Critical thermal limits depend on methodological context.

Terblanche, J.S., Deere, J.A., Clusella-Trullas S., Janion C., Chown S.L. 2007. Critical thermal limits depend on methodological context. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 274: 2935-2942. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0985

 


 

Thermal melanism in ectotherms.

Clusella-Trullas, S., van Wyk, J.H., Spotila, J.R. 2007. Thermal melanism in ectotherms. Journal of Thermal Biology 32: 235-245. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2007.01.013

 


 

Micro-environment of the olive ridley turtle nests deposited during an aggregated nesting event.

Clusella-Trullas, S., Paladino, F.V. 2007. Micro-environment of the olive ridley turtle nests deposited during an aggregated nesting event. Journal of Zoology 272: 367-376. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00277.x

 


 

Low repeatability of preferred body temperature in four species of Cordylid lizards: temporal variation and implications for adaptive significance.

Clusella-Trullas, S., Terblanche, J.S., van Wyk, J.H., Spotila, J.R. 2007. Low repeatability of preferred body temperature in four species of Cordylid lizards: temporal variation and implications for adaptive significance. Evolutionary Ecology 21: 63-79. doi:10.1007/s10682-006-9124-x

 


 

2006

Energetics during hatchling dispersal of the olive ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea using doubly labelled water.

Clusella-Trullas, S., Spotila, J.R., Paladino, F.V. 2006. Energetics during hatchling dispersal of the olive ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea using doubly labelled water. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 79: 389-399. doi:10.1086/499982